Forming the Subjunctives

Tenses

Rules for Forming the Actives

Actives

Passives

Rules for Forming the Passives

Present

Take the typical present indicative active root.

Change stem to -E-/-EA-/-A-/-IA-, depending on the conjugation.

Add the regular active personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt).

I: laudem

II: moneam

III: dûcam

IV: audiam

III-io: capiam

lauder

monear

dûcar

audiar

capiar

Change the active personal endings to the passive personal endings
(-r, -ris/-re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur).

Imperfect

Take the present active infinitive (second part fo the verb).

Add the regular active personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt).

I: laudârem

II: monêrem

III: dûcerem

IV: audîrem

III-io: caperem

laudârer

monêrer

dûcerer

audîrer

caperer

Change the active personal endings to the passive personal endings
(-r, -ris/ -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur).

Perfect

Take the perfect stem from the third part of the verb.

Add -ERI-.

Add the regular active personal ending (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt).

I: laudaverim

II: monuerim

III: dûxerim

IV: audîverim

III-io: cêperim

laudâtus sim

monitus sim

ductus sim

audîtus sim

captus sim

Use the past participle, the fourth part of the verb.

Add the present subjunctive of sum.
( = sim, etc.).

Pluperfect

Take the perfect active infinitive (ending in -isse).

Add the regular active personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt).

I: laudavissem

II: monuissem

III: dûxissem

IV: audîvissem

III-io: cêpissem

laudâtus essem

monitus essem

ductus essem

audîtus essem

captus essem

Use the past participle, the fourth part of the verb.

Add the imperfect subjunctive of sum
( = essem, etc.).