Latin Verbs: Master the Perfect Passive Forms

Perfect Tenses, Indicative Mood, All Conjugations (Cf. Wheelock 19)

Go directly to the table for: Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Remember this general guideline for verbs that are perfect in tense and passive in voice:

A Latin verb in a perfect tense and in a passive form will use two words: (1) a past participle, and (2) a form of the verb to be (esse).

Remember this basic principle of understanding:

The verb form from esse will no longer mean what it does when standing alone.

Amâta est does not mean "She is loved" but "She was (or has been) loved." To say "She is loved," use amâtur.

Likewise, amâtus erat means "He had been loved."

Amâta erit means "She will have been loved."

Here is a way to produce the passive voice forms for the perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) in just three steps:

STEP 1: Go to the FOURTH principal part of the verb. E.g., amâtus, monitus, ductus, captus, audîtus.	STEP 2: Change it into the correct nominative form. Make it agree in gender and number with the subject, as you would for any -us -a -um adjective; e.g., amâtus for masculine singular subjects, amâtae for feminine plural subjects; amâtum for neuter singular subjects.	STEP 3: Add the correct form of the verb to be for the tense and number that you need: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt for present perfect (also called perfect); eram, erâs, erat, erâmus, erâtis, erant for past perfect (also called pluperfect); erô, eris, erit, erimus, eritis erunt for future perfect.
videô: 4th part = vîsus, -a, -um	For the neuter plural subject animâlia, choose the neuter plural form vîsa.	To express that the animals had been seen, choose erant: Illa animâlia vîsa erant. = Those animals had been seen.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

See the primary tenses.

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE

	Active Voice	Passive Voice

I have loved you have loved he has loved we have loved you (pl.) have loved they have loved	amâvî amâvistî amâvit amâvimus amâvistis amâvêrunt	amâtus sum amâtus es amâtus est amâtî sumus amâtî estis amâtî sunt	I have been loved you have been loved he has been loved we have been loved you (pl.) have been loved they have been loved
I have reminded you have reminded he has reminded we have reminded you (pl.) have reminded they have reminded	monuî monuistî monuit monuimus monuistis monuêrunt	monitus sum monitus es monitus est monitî sumus monitî estis monitî sunt	I have been reminded you have been reminded he has been reminded we have been reminded you (pl.) have been reminded they have been reminded
I have led you have led he has led we have led you (pl.) have led they have led	dûxî dûxistî dûxit dûximus dûxistis dûxêrunt	ductus sum ductus es ductus est ductî sumus ductî estis ductî sunt	I have been led you have been led he has been led we have been led you (pl.) have been led they have been led
I have taken you have taken he has taken we have taken you (pl.) have taken they have taken	cêpî cêpistî cêpit cêpimus cêpistis cêpêrunt	captus sum captus es captus est captî sumus captî estis captî sunt	I have been taken you have been taken he has been taken we have been taken you (pl.) have been taken they have been taken
I have heard you have heard he has heard we have heard you (pl.) have heard they have heard	audîvî audîvistî audîvit audîvimus audîvistis audîvêrunt	audîtus sum audîtus es audîtus est audîtî sumus audîtî estis audîtî sunt	I have been heard you have been heard he has been heard we have been heard you (pl.) have been heard they have been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE

	Active Voice	Passive Voice

I had loved you had loved he had loved we had loved you (pl.) had loved they had loved	amâveram amâverâs amâverat amâverâmus amâverâtis amâverant	amâtus eram amâtus erâs amâtus erat amâtî erâmus amâtî erâtis amâtî erant	I had been loved you had been loved he had been loved we had been loved you (pl.) had been loved they had been loved
I had reminded you had reminded he had reminded we had reminded you (pl.) had reminded they had reminded	monueram monuerâs monuerat monuerâmus monuerâtis monuerant	monitus eram monitus erâs monitus erat monitî erâmus monitî erâtis monitî erant	I had been reminded you had been reminded he had been reminded we had been reminded you (pl.) had been reminded they had been reminded
I had led you had led he had led we had led you (pl.) had led they had led	dûxeram dûxerâs dûxerat dûxerâmus dûxerâtis dûxerant	ductus eram ductus erâs ductus erat ductî erâmus ductî erâtis ductî erant	I had been led you had been led he had been led we had been led you (pl.) had been led they had been led
I had taken you had taken he had taken we had taken you (pl.) had taken they had taken	cêperam cêperâs cêperat cêperâmus cêperâtis cêperant	captus eram captus erâs captus erat captî erâmus captî erâtis captî erant	I had been taken you had been taken he had been taken we had been taken you (pl.) had been taken they had been taken
I had heard you had heard he had heard we had heard you (pl.) had heard they had heard	audîveram audîverâs audîverat audîverâmus audîverâtis audîverant	audîtus eram audîtus erâs audîtus erat audîtî erâmus audîtî erâtis audîtî erant	I had been heard you had been heard he had been heard we had been heard you (pl.) had been heard they had been heard

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE

	Active Voice	Passive Voice

I will have loved you will have loved he will have loved we will have loved you (pl.) will have loved they will have loved	amâverô amâveris amâverit amâverimus amâveritis amâverint	amâtus erô amâtus eris amâtus erit amâtî erimus amâtî eritis amâtî erunt	I will have been loved you will have been loved he will have been loved we will have been loved you (pl.) will have been loved they will have been loved
I will have reminded you will have reminded he will have reminded we will have reminded you (pl.) will have reminded they will have reminded	monuerô monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint	monitus erô monitus eris monitus erit monitî erimus monitî eritis monitî erunt	I will have been reminded you will have been reminded he will have been reminded we will have been reminded you (pl.) will have been reminded they will have been reminded
I will have led you will have led he will have led we will have led you (pl.) will have led they will have led	dûxerô dûxeris dûxerit dûxerimus dûxeritis dûxerint	ductus erô ductus eris ductus erit ductî erimus ductî eritis ductî erunt	I will have been led you will have been led he will have been led we will have been led you (pl.) will have been led they will have been led
I will have taken you will have taken he will have taken we will have taken you (pl.) will have taken they will have taken	cêperô cêperis cêperit cêperimus cêperitis cêperint	captus erô captus eris captus erit captî erimus captî eritis captî erunt	I will have been taken you will have been taken he will have been taken we will have been taken you (pl.) will have been taken they will have been taken
I will have heard you will have heard he will have heard we will have heard you (pl.) will have heard they will have heard	audîverô audîveris audîverit audîverimus audîveritis audîverint	audîtus erô audîtus eris audîtus erit audîtî erimus audîtî eritis audîtî erunt	I will have been heard you will have been heard he will have been heard we will have been heard you (pl.) will have been heard they will have been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

See the primary tenses.

Latin Teaching Materials at Saint Louis University: © Claude Pavur 1997 - 2009. This material is being made freely available for non-commercial educational use.