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193. FROM THE MURDER OF JOVIAN TO THE DEATH OF THEODOSIUS.
364
Jovian murdered (16 Feb.). Valentinian and his brother Valens become Augusti.
365
Procopius proclaimed emperor at Constantinople, but killed next year.
369
Valentinian names his son Gratianus (Gratian) as Augustus. Sanguinary conflicts between Damasus and Ursinus, claimants to the papacy. Severe struggles with Germans and other barbarians in this and the following ten years. The Breuiarium of Eutropius.
375
Death of Valentinian. His young son Valentinian II becomes Augustus.
378
The death of Valens. Close of the History of Ammianus Marcellinus. Theodosius given a command on the Danube. Edict of Gratian in favour of religious freedom, with few exceptions.
379
Theodosius made an Augustus. Ausonius Consul.
c. 380
Dramatic date of the Saturnalia of Macrobius. Jerome translates and continues (from 326 to 378) the chronicle of Eusebius.
381
Goths admitted by Theodosius into the Danube legions.
382
Removal of the altar of Victory from the Roman Senate-house by Gratian.
383
Arcadius, son of Theodosius, made an Augustus. A pretender, Maximus, secures Britain, Gaul and Spain and is recognised by Theodosius. Gratian dies.
384-385
The Relationes of Symmachus, prefect of Rome.
386
Ambrose, De officiis ministrorum.
387
Maximus in Italy. Flight of Valentinian II.
388
Maximus defeated and killed by Theodosius. Valentinian II again emperor of the West.
389
Triumphal entry of Theodosius into Rome, with his son Honorius, and Valentinian.
390
Great massacre perpetrated by Theodosius at Thessalonica. He submits to Ambrose and does penance.
391
Paganism forbidden. Temple of Serapis at Alexandria destroyed.
392
Valentinian murdered. Eugenius (a grammaticus) promoted to be an Augustus by Arbogast, the barbarian commander. Victory of Stilicho over Goths, Alans and Huns. Jerome's De uiris illustribus.
394
Theodosius crushes Eugenius, and visits Rome. Honorius declared emperor of the West, with Stilicho as general.
194. FROM THE DEATH OF THEODOSIUS TO THE DEATH OF ATTILA.
395
Death of Theodosius (17 Jan.). Arcadius emperor of the East. Fall and death of Rufinus, the great minister of Theodosius. Goths under Alaric in Greece.
396
Alaric defeated in Greece by Stilicho.
398
Gildo, tyrant in Africa for twelve years, crushed and killed by Stilicho, whose daughter marries Honorius.
399
Fall of Eutropius, minister of Arcadius.
400-403
Alaric in Italy.
402-403
Alaric defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia and again near Verona.
403
Close of the Chronicle of Sulpicius Severus.
404
Honorius transfers his court to Ravenna.
405-406
Radagaisus invades Italy; his army destroyed by Alaric.
407
Ravages of barbarians in Gaul. Revolt of Britain under the pretender Constantine, who receives support in Gaul and Spain.
408
Disgrace and death of Stilicho (23 Aug.). Alaric besieges Rome but accepts ransom. Death of Arcadius. Accession of the younger Theodosius in the East.
c. 408
Death of Claudian.
409
Second siege of Rome. Goths and Romans join in raising Attalus, Prefect of the City, to the throne. The Vandals and other Germans invade Spain. Revolt of Britain against Constantine.
410
Honorius degraded by Alaric. Capture and sack of Rome by Goths. Death of Alaric.
c. 410
Death of Prudentius.
411
Constantine killed. Britain and Gaul in revolt for many years.
413
Defeat of Heraclian, count of Africa.
414
Atulf, the Visigothic king, marries the sister of Honorius, but dies next year.
416
Itinerary of Rutilius Namatianus.
417
Orosius' History of the world ends with this year.
419-451
Theodoric king of the Visigoths in Gaul.
420-451
Franks on the lower Rhine under Merovingian kings.
425-455
Valentinian III emperor of the West.
426
Completion of Augustine's De ciuitate Dei.
429
Vandals in Africa.
433-453
Attila king of the Huns. Aetius minister of the Western Empire.
439-451
Saluianus writes his De gubernatione Dei between these dates.
439
Carthage captured by Vandals. The work of Martianus Capella on the Seven Arts was written before this event.
c. 441
Huns ravage the Eastern Empire.
446
Peace between Attila and the Eastern Empire.
451
Attila invades Gaul. Theodoric and Aetius defeat him near Chalons. Theodoric killed in the battle.
452
Attila ravages Italy, but makes peace.
453
Death of Attila.
195. FROM THE DEATH OF ATTILA TO THE DEATH OF JUSTINIAN.
453-466
Theodoric II king of the Visigoths.
454
Murder of Aetius.
455
Sack of Rome by Vandals. Death of Valentinian III. Auitus places in the library of Trajan a statue of his son-in-law Sidonius Apollinaris.
456
Dominance of Ricimer in Italy begins.
472
Sack of Rome by Ricimer and his death.
476
Augustulus, last emperor of the West.
476-485
Euric king of the Visigoths.
476-493
Odovacar king in Italy.
481-512
Clovis king of the Franks. His conversion (496).
489
Theodoric the Ostrogoth invades Italy and defeats Odovacar at Verona.
493-526
Theodoric king of Italy after the assassination of Odovacar (493).
524
Boethius writes the Philosophiae Consolatio shortly before his death.
526-7
Priscian's great work on Grammar is transcribed at Constantinople by one of his pupils, the calligrapher Theodorus.
527-565
Reign of Justinian.
528-9
Code of Justinian.
529
The monastery of Monte Cassino founded by Benedict of Nursia.
530-533
Digest of Justinian.
533
Belisarius, general of Justinian, overthrows the Vandals in Africa and annexes it (534)
536
Belisarius occupies Rome (10 Dec.).
537-8
Goths besiege Rome. Successes of Belisarius in Italy.
538-9
Frankish invasion of Italy. Belisarius overthrows the Gothic kingdom in Italy.
540
Cassiodorus, the historian of the Goths (533) and the Secretary of the Ostrogothic dynasty, retires from public life and founds a monastery in the south of Italy.
541
Belisarius commands against Persia.
542
Belisarius disgraced.
544-548
Belisarius again in Italy, owing to the successes of Totila, the Gothic king.
546
Totila captures Rome; he is driven out in Feb. of the next year by Belisarius, returns and is again defeated; but makes progress in Italy.
548
Belisarius recalled; the Goths retake Rome (549).
552
Expedition of Narses to Italy. Death of Totila. Narses takes Rome.
554
Narses defeats the invading Franks and Alamanni. Exarchs established at Ravenna.
559
Last victory of Belisarius; he delivers Constantinople from the Huns.
562
Death of Belisarius.
565
Death of Justinian.
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